🔑 Key Definitions
Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation): IQ below 70 + adaptive functioning deficits + onset before age 18
Learning Disabilities: Neurological disorders affecting brain's ability to receive, process, store, and respond to information
🧠 4 Levels of Intellectual Disability
- 🟢 Mild: IQ 50-70 - Can live independently, hold jobs
- 🟡 Moderate: IQ 35-50 - Need significant support
- 🟠 Severe: IQ 20-35 - Substantial support needed
- 🔴 Profound: IQ below 20 - Constant care required
📚 5 Types of Learning Disabilities
- Dyslexia - Reading/language difficulty
- Dyscalculia - Mathematics difficulty
- Dysgraphia - Writing difficulty
- ADHD - Attention deficit/hyperactivity
- Auditory Processing Disorder - Sound processing
🔗 6 Links Between LD and Crime
- 1. School failure → dropout
- 2. Low self-esteem
- 3. Frustration → acting out
- 4. Peer rejection/joining deviant groups
- 5. Poor problem-solving
- 6. Impulsivity
💡 Exam Tips
- Prisoners average 8-10 IQ points BELOW general population
- LOWER VERBAL IQ more strongly linked to delinquency
- Low IQ does NOT directly CAUSE crime - it's MEDIATED by other factors
- Intellectually disabled are MORE VICTIMS than perpetrators
- FALSE CONFESSIONS risk - may confess to please authority figures
- Supreme Court: Cannot execute intellectually disabled individuals
- Crimes when LD/ID commit: Sexual offenses, arson, minor theft, assault (usually impulsive)